Showing posts with label military science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label military science. Show all posts

Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China) Review

Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China)
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Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China) ReviewThis 1996 volume in the Ballantine "Classics of Ancient China" series has been allowed to go out of print in its original format, although used copies seem to be readily available. There is a modified (but apparently not revised) 2003 edition under a different title from another publisher (see below). The Ballantine series was notable for offering texts re-edited or re-assessed on the basis of documentation recovered by archeologists in China during the 1970s, instead of the "received" texts handed down over centuries of copying, editing, and Imperial censorship, including some works otherwise lost. They combined up-to-date scholarship with an attractive presentation, popular appeal, and reasonable prices for bilingual volumes on rarefied topics.
For those not familiar with this one already, "Sun Pin ping-fa" was long thought to be a bibliographic ghost, or even a lost forgery, a long-missing supposed counterpart to the existing "Art of War" (Ping-Fa) of the elder Sun (Sun-tzu; in Pinyin transliteration, Bingfa and Sunzi). It was one of the texts described in Han Dynasty bibliographies and histories, but not reliably reported as existing for well over a thousand years, although sometimes quoted in compendia. The conclusions that it probably hadn't existed, or wasn't authentic if there was such a work, and that the supposed citations were worthless, had to be abandoned when substantial fragments of it, and other texts, turned up in 1972, during the excavation of early Han Dynasty tombs.
There have been several other translations of Sun Pin into English during the last decade, but the co-authors of this volume make a distinguished combination of an eminent senior Sinologist, with a long career working with the problems of early literary texts (Lau) and a sophisticated modern interpreter of Chinese intellectual history (Ames). Ames had earlier edited and translated an edition of Sun-tzu for the "Classics of Ancient China" series, which made use of archeologically-recovered ancient copies in addition to the received ("traditional") text, and re-assessed the place of "militarist" thinkers in early Chinese philosophy.
As a result of this collaboration, the reader is assured of first-rate technical scholarship, and clearly-expressed explanations. Their emphases, not unexpectedly, are on textual and linguistic problems, and the place of the text in the development of Chinese military and political theory.
The Ballantine Books production of the volume was outstanding. The Chinese text is presented in traditional vertical format, with as much or little space given it as necessary, and the English translation is presented beginning on a facing page. This leaves a lot of blank space, but it appears fully legible, and for the shorter chapters seems to be conveniently arranged for those able to read early Classical Chinese; the longer ones require flipping back a page or two to compare the original to the translation. A nice set of photographs includes the tombs, period weapons and other equipment, and some examples of the tomb texts as recovered. These last give some indication of the obstacles facing the Chinese scholars who had been given the task of publishing them.
As mentioned above, the Lau and Ames translation is available new (for the moment) as "Sun Bin: The Art of Warfare: A Translation of the Classic Chinese Work of Philosophy and Strategy" in the SUNY Series in Chinese Philosophy and Culture (State University of New York Press, 2003). So far as I have been able to tell (and reported in my review of it) there were no textual changes in the English text beyond the replacement of Wade-Giles transliterations with Pinyin equivalents, but it was substantially altered in appearance. The English print is smaller, or at least more cramped-looking (reduced leading?). The Chinese text now runs horizontally (although the characters seem larger and more easily distinguishable), and, with white space drastically reduced, the blocks of Chinese alternate with blocks of English on the same page in a manner which may be confusing. (The difference is particularly evident in Part III, "Texts Recovered From Later, Commentarial, Historical, and Encyclopedic Sources," which becomes very crowded and a bit confusing.) The photographs are omitted, except for one used as cover art. As a result, the 367 total pages (including plates) of the Ballantine edition are reduced to just 265.
Of the several other translations of the fragmentary, and in part enigmatic, text of Sun Bin that are now available, "Military Methods of The Art of War" by Ralph D. Sawyer, with the collaboration of Mei-chun Lee Sawyer, published in various formats, may be the most satisfactory alternative, or, better, companion volume. It is somewhat more popular in presentation than Lau and Ames, but the most important difference is the Sawyers' attempt to place the text in the military (and political) history of China (as against Ames on the the history of Chinese military thought), a topic on which they have produced a series of translations and studies, including the monumental "Seven Military Classics of Ancient China," offering the whole "Military Canon" as established in the eleventh century.Sun Pin: The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China) Overview

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China and the People's Liberation Army: Great Power or Struggling Developing State? Review

China and the People's Liberation Army: Great Power or Struggling Developing State
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China and the People's Liberation Army: Great Power or Struggling Developing State ReviewTaken from PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly, Winter 2000-01, Vol. XXX, No. 4
Three New Looks at China © by Larry M. Wortzel
In China and the People's Liberation Army, Solomon M. Karmel expands the thesis of an earlier writer from the United Kingdom, Gerald Segal, arguing that China is a weak power, not a superpower or great power. Karmel starts out by quoting a Chinese text, The Chinese People's Liberation Army (Deng Liqun, et al., Beijing, 1994), which argues that to be a superpower, a nation must possess four qualities: a large, diversified national economy; a major conventional military force; a nuclear weapons capability (and the means to deliver the weapons); and a strategic geographical location. He then systematically argues throughout the book that "in China's case, the dilemmas of development are simply too great for the state to exert the type of great power influence over East Asia that the Soviet Union exerted over Eastern Europe and its many satellite states throughout the world." He believes that "China's security and freedom from occupation threats in the postwar period have done little to enhance its power over other states." It is Karmel's thesis that those who argue that China is a great power are misinformed, and those who believe China is a military threat are crying wolf. Having defined his terms carefully in the initial chapter of the book, Karmel goes on to justify his thesis in subsequent chapters relying on extensive primary-source research in Chinese-language publications and Western secondary sources.
In six well-argued chapters, Karmel systematically dismantles China's military force structure, which he views as weak and poorly integrated; its military-industrial complex, which he characterizes as anemic and plagued by inefficiencies and corruption; the defense budget, which he believes is wasting a lot of money on the wrong priorities; and the role of China in Asia, which he defines as increasing in power but still inadequate to qualify China for great-power status. This is a readable book. Its weakness is that it is supported by research that is full of glaring inaccuracies which seem to reflect a lack of familiarity with the military in general and with the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) in particular.
The author is simply wrong when he explains the force structure of the PLA, saying that the seven regional military commands, analogous to the unified commands of the United States, are subordinate to the army. They are not. The military regional commands of the PLA are subordinate to the General Staff Department and the Central Military Commission. They are joint, and although the ground forces dominate them, they are jointly commanded and structured. The author is also wrong in his characterization of the development of the General Armaments Department from the Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND). Karmel argues that COSTIND turned into a structure of state-owned military-civilian defense industries under a State Science and Technology Commission. In fact, when the General Armaments Department was created, it took over much of the military production, research, and development. However, some production did stay under the old COSTIND, but was more centrally controlled by the state. Harlan Jencks, whom Karmel quotes extensively, has called the new organization SCOSTIND, for "State COSTIND."
In other areas, Karmel's careful culling of sources to prove his thesis has missed such PLA authors as Li Qingshan and Li Jijun, who have published extensively on joint warfare, military production, and strategy. Karmel also fails to credit the PLA for its earlier successes in doctrinal and force structure modernization based on the PLA's study of US Army Field Manual 100-5, on warfighting doctrine, and a thorough review of the US lessons learned from the 1991 Gulf War.
To respond to some of Karmel's arguments suggesting China is a weak power, one needs only to remember that at the mere suggestion that "relations with China would be difficult," the Clinton Administration refused to approve badly needed air and cruise missile defenses for Taiwan. When China suggested that "it would not be good for relations," the Republic of Korea opted not to participate in research on theater missile defenses in Asia with the United States. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) regional forum (ARF) was formed primarily to respond to China. Vietnam is seeking a new form of security relationship as a balance against China. With regard to Karmel's claim that China's military industry is poor in general, although it does have its problems it managed to supply Pakistan with a nuclear and ballistic missile capability, it managed to build a force of approximately 400 ballistic missiles for use against Taiwan in a relatively short period, and it has managed to produce a strategic nuclear force capable of hitting the United States. The threat of force from China has deterred elected leaders of Taiwan from scheduling a referendum on national sovereignty and self-determination. And in the United Nations, China has a veto in the Security Council as a permanent member. This reviewer has not accomplished the extensive literature search of Solomon Karmel to define "great power status" versus "superpower status," but all of this evidence suggests that China's power seems great.
If one is going to read Karmel's work, it should at least be read in conjunction with other texts by authors far more familiar with militaries in general and the PLA in particular.China and the People's Liberation Army: Great Power or Struggling Developing State Overview

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China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach (Praeger Security International) Review

China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach (Praeger Security International)
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China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach (Praeger Security International) ReviewBut do see the facts and the opinions separately! Actually, the author does a good job of distinguishing between the two types of information. The changes in the PLA have been dramatic, modernizations, Westernizations in equipment and tactics, diversification of skills, and the building up of a (not properly socialist!) non-commissioned officer class. The political and strategic ramifications of this powerful buildup are featured at least as much as the typical content on the changes themselves.
Throughout the book, the theme of offensive capability is repeated again and again. The book takes it at face value that there is an inevitable conflict of American and Chinese interests across the Pacific Rim. But, as I mentioned above, the opinions and facts are reasonably easy to distinguish from each other, and I would not hesitate to recommend this book to folks of any political view of China with the proviso that you might disagree with the author, but he's clearly in command of the facts.China's Military Modernization: Building for Regional and Global Reach (Praeger Security International) Overview

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The Fields of Bamboo: Dong Tre, Trung Luong and Hoa Hui, Three Battles Just Beyond the South China Sea (Vietnam War, No 7) Review

The Fields of Bamboo: Dong Tre, Trung Luong and Hoa Hui, Three Battles Just Beyond the South China Sea (Vietnam War, No 7)
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The Fields of Bamboo: Dong Tre, Trung Luong and Hoa Hui, Three Battles Just Beyond the South China Sea (Vietnam War, No 7) ReviewI am married to a Vietnam Veteran who fought in the three battles contained in this book. This book is one of the books that is very precious to both of us. Since my husband suffers from some memory loss, this book has helped him remember some of what he has lost. Most importantly he remembers then Capt George Shea Jr. who was his commanding officer. It was shear luck I found the book and you can bet we went out and bought all the other copies we could find. I just wish there was someway to get in touch with the others who fought these battles and were with "A"Company First of the Fifth Cavalry (A 1/5) If you are out there please contact tootdai@AOL.comThe Fields of Bamboo: Dong Tre, Trung Luong and Hoa Hui, Three Battles Just Beyond the South China Sea (Vietnam War, No 7) Overview

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Sidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake Review

Sidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake
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Sidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake ReviewThe development of the successful Sidewinder (AIM-9) heat-seeking missile deserves a book. This one is almost it. The author discusses not only technical problems and their solutions but also the managerial side of weapons development. Unfortunately, there is too much chronological back-and-forth to allow one to get an idea of how the technical solutions worked off preceding developments; a graphic timeline would have allowed the reader to know what happened when. Westrum doesn't discuss the what the China Lake center was doing, and how it was doing it before the scientists and engineers responsible for Sidewinder showed up. While there is some discussion of the social activities of the Sidewinder personnel, this review er never got a feel for the whole China Lake setting. Westrum relies too heavily on "telling" and not "showing" ; in some places he says that certain defense contractors had problems managing their programs, but provides little evidence of what he would base that on.(Not to say that private industry contractors haven't had problems; this reviewers knowledge of McDonnell Douglas problems makes him sympathetic to any story of How The Navy Could Do It Better.) The author wants to use China Lake and the Sidewinder project as a possible model of how to correctly manage a weapons project, but his story comes off more as a paean to certain personnel. If the secret of success is the right manager or designer or technician, this book might give us some guidance on selecting those people (flexible, open-minded, creative, informal, dedicated, technically competent) but there must also be some managerial methods and organizational that get lost in an emphasis on personality. Still, recommended for anyone interested in modern air combat, aerospace technology, or defense management.Sidewinder: Creative Missile Development at China Lake Overview

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The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China) Review

The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China)
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The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China) ReviewI haven't read or even so much as glanced at any other translations or publications of Sun-Tzu's Art of Warfare, and as far as I'm concerned I didn't need to. This edition is a wonderful translation, easily readable and understandable while remaining true to the Chinese. In fact, for verification purposes, the original text is contained opposite nearly every page.
The translator starts off with a very interesting introduction probably longer than the book itself; while a little boring at times, it was a very necessary addition. He explains to the reader the history of the various finds that have gone towards completing the text, the structure of the text, the historical background and anecdotes of Sun-Tzu, compares fundamental western beliefs and mindsets to eastern, and generally just analyzes this work and puts it into perspective for the reader.
As for Sun-Tzu's work itself -- it's great. If you read it carefully, you'll be surprised to not how much of this stuff you already know, how much is simply common sense -- but the format and presentation and conciseness of it is astounding. It presents the material in an accessible way that's understandable and readable. Also including here, alongside the initial 13 chapters, are all kinds of Art of Warfare fragments which have been unearthed, most of which are pretty interesting.
This book is a must read if you are at all interesting in war or the context thereof.The Art of Warfare (Classics of Ancient China) Overview

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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 13: The Liberation of the Philippines--Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944-1945 Review

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 13: The Liberation of the Philippines--Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944-1945
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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 13: The Liberation of the Philippines--Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944-1945 ReviewThis just one book of the set that Morrison wrote. All are historicly detailed while still only touching on the daily actions.
This book is a must for the seasoned student of WWII.History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 13: The Liberation of the Philippines--Luzon, Mindanao, the Visayas, 1944-1945 Overview

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Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment Review

Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment
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Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment ReviewThis is a worthwhile book for those interested in modern military aviation. Covered here are 16 modern fighters in service - China's J-7 and J-8, Tornado, Mirage 2000, Su-27/35 family, Mig 29, Mig 31, Harrier/AV-8, Eurofighter, Rafael, F-14, F-15, F-16, F-18, Sweden's SAAB-39 Grippen, and Taiwan's IDF, and 4 aircraft in development stage: Sukhoi's S-37 Berkut, JSF's, and F-22. Curiously, among the more fascinating fighters still in development, 3 are not covered here: India's LCA, Japan's F-2, and Russia's Mig 1.44/MFI.
It discusses some newer technologies like stealth, unmanned combat vehicles, laser weapons, and thrust-vectoring (mentioning X-31). Fighter maneuvers and tactics are also covered. Mike Spick does a good job describing each integral part of a modern fighter plane, like the propulsion system, wing aspect ratio, ejection seats, radar, etc. There are nice photos. The charts comparing performances of aircraft are interesting.
The most obvious flaw of this book is very sloppy editing. Typos are abundant. There are some errors, some obviously accidental (e.g., it mentions that Taiwan started IDF development in 1992 -- but it should be 1982 -- in 1992 IDF was well in production and Taiwan had ordered F-16 and Mirage 2000).
Also I wished that Mike Spick could give more subjective views of the aircraft. For example, how is F-16 compared to F-18? Why would an airforce choose one over the other (e.g. Spain, Canada, and Australia all chose F-18 and no F-16). Although he dose give good opinions and comparisons when talking about the Su-27 family.
Overall, still a pretty good book.Brassey's Modern Fighters: The Ultimate Guide to In-Flight Tactics, Technology, Weapons, and Equipment Overview

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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1945 Review

History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1945
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History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1945 ReviewBy the early spring of 1945, the United States forces had pushed the Japanese back across the Pacific and were now in position to directly threaten the Japanese home islands. This final volume of Samuel Eliot Morison's fine series covers the battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa along with the formal Japanese surrender on September 2, 1945.
The main purpose for securing the island of Iwo Jima was to provide a rescue station for crippled B-29 bombers returning from Japan as well as an advanced fighter escort base for P-51 Mustang escort fighters. The invasion took place in February 1945, and it was originally thought that securing the island would only take about four days. How wrong we were. This battle lasted four weeks and cost many thousands of American casualties. The enduring act of the war for the Americans occurred during this battle when the flag was raised on Mt. Suribachi and was forever captured on film. I was disappointed with this section of the book. Only 70 pages of the book deal with the Iwo Jima campaign, so I felt that many important aspects of the battle were left out completely.
In April, 1945, the Americans turned their attention to Okinawa. Located only 350 miles from the Japanese mainland, Okinawa was to serve as a prime staging area for the invasion of Japan, which was scheduled for November 1945. This battle covers the great majority of this book. Every aspect of the battle is covered, from the landings to the kamikaze attacks against the American ships. Perhaps the best part of the book deals with the description of the kamikaze attacks against the radar picket destroyers which were stationed around Okinawa. These ships faced the wrath of the kamikaze forces and many were sunk, but these heroic sailors and ships put up a tremendous fight against the Japanese and provided an invaluable service by vectoring out C.A.P. aircraft as well as warning the fleet to incoming kamikaze attacks. They were the true heroes of Okinawa.
Other important events, such as the suicide mission of the Japanese superbattleship Yamato and the tragic and unnecessary sinking of the USS Indianapolis are also described in this volume. As with other books in this set, this one contains excellent photographs and maps to assist the reader.
With the surrender of Japan in September 1945, one war ended and another war dawned; the cold war, which lasted for forty three years.History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Vol. 14: Victory in the Pacific, 1945 Overview

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