Showing posts with label chinese studies. Show all posts
Showing posts with label chinese studies. Show all posts

Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China (Harvard Contemporary China Series) Review

Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China (Harvard Contemporary China Series)
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Grassroots Political Reform in Contemporary China (Harvard Contemporary China Series) ReviewThis comprehensive collection edited by Elizabeth Perry and Merle Goldman explores recent trends in grassroots political reform in China. With contributions by well-established China scholars and rising stars alike, this volume offers a detailed view into reform attempts to restrain arbitrary and corrupt authorities and enhance overall accountability at the grassroots level. The authors do not argue that China is on a path to democracy. To the contrary, Perry and Goldman are quite upfront about the fact that reforms may actually serve to prolong the life of the communist party. The articles in this volume are based on extensive fieldwork and offer detailed glimpses into various aspects of grassroots reform, including topics such as village elections, tax reform, and rule of law.
Although written for an academic audience, the content of this volume will also be of interest to anyone wishing to learn more about reform in China. Of particular interest for a lay audience may be Xi Chen's chapter on protest, Yuezhi Zhao and Sun Wusan's chapter on reform and constraints of the media, and Richard Levy's chapter on village elections and anticorruption. Scholars already familiar with the works of the contributors will find little that has not be iterated elsewhere, but the volume is significant in that it deals with a timely issue in a systematic and helpful fashion.
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How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders Review

How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders
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How China's Leaders Think: The Inside Story of China's Past, Current and Future Leaders ReviewThis book is a product of a true China hand, someone who has been dealing with China since 1967. The book is full of insights and historical events. An outstanding book!

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China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know Review

China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know
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China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know ReviewBeing surprised is something I expect from a good work of fiction, but not necessarily from nonfiction, especially when I am familiar with the subject - or so I thought. Thus it was a treat when I found plenty of surprises in this book, such as the following passage from the section titled "What is the alternative to viewing Mao as a monster?":
"There are many alternatives to thinking of Mao as a fiend who was China's Hitler. One useful one is to see Mao's place in China today as comparable to that of Andrew Jackson's in the United States. Though admittedly far from perfect, the comparison is based on the fact that Jackson is remembered both as someone who played a significant role in the development of a political organization (the Democratic Party) that still has many partisans, and as someone responsible for brutal policies toward Native Americans that are now often referred to as genocidal.
"Both men are thought of as having done terrible things, yet this does not necessarily prevent them from being used as positive symbols. And Jackson still appears on $20 bills, even though Americans tend now to view as heinous the institution of slavery (of which he was a passionate defender) and the early 19th-century military campaigns against Native Americans (in which he took part)."This comparison is refreshing, and it could only come from someone who knows both American and Chinese history intimately. Admittedly, I have limited knowledge about President Andrew Jackson. On the Chinese internet today, when searching for "President Jackson," glorious descriptions fill my eyes: "people's friend," "the bank killer," a war hero who defeated the British army, a wise politician who prevented the US from splitting apart. No mention of his not-so-glorious role in killing Native Americans. You wonder how an average internet surfer in mainland China can get a complete picture of this controversial American president.
But, before you feel fortunate to have the benefit of a free press and internet in the US, hold on a second. Can the average American reader get the whole picture of Mao? This really depends on what you happen to read or hear. If you have only read Jung Chang and Jon Halliday's best-selling biography, Mao: The Unknown Story (2005), for example, then Mao was born a monster. If you have only read Edgar Snow's Red Star Over China (1937), on the other hand, then Mao was a legendary hero of the Chinese peasants. The actual Mao, of course, was a more complex historical figure than either of those works portray.
Chinese in the Tang Dynasty already understood "Listen to both sides and you will be enlightened; heed only one side and you will be benighted", but it is never easy to consistently follow this practice. The few American writers I know of who write about China with this maxim in mind include James Fallows, Peter Hessler, and Jeffrey Wasserstrom. If you are interested in China and don't want to be benighted or brainwashed, read books with different views before forming your opinion. Or, as a short cut, start with a book like China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know. The parallel between Mao and Andrew Jackson might be imperfect, as Wasserstrom has noted, but it is a big step up from good-evil dichotomy that seems so pervasive.
In fact, one of the most appealing characteristics of Wasserstrom's new book is that it does not sidestep controversial issues and opinions. On the contrary, it deliberately provides the reader with views from opposite sides, in a rather straightforward and balanced manner. In recognizing differences between Western and Chinese views, Wasserstrom helps break stereotypical perceptions and opens the reader's inquiring minds. He does so throughout the book.
The breadth of this relatively short, 150-page book is amazing. Starting with "Who was Confucius," it continues without pause to "What was the Dynastic Cycle," "What was the Opium War," "Why did the Qing Dynasty Fail," and much more. Given the brevity and the format, there is a necessary lack of nuance, but there is a great overview of the backbone of Chinese history presented in the blink of an eye.
Building off of the past, the book devotes a chapter to the post-Mao development of China into the modern state it now is. Then it outlines "U.S. -China Misunderstandings," and finally presents a chapter on what the future holds, providing useful insights into the different ways that Americans and Chinese view one another and how differently they interpret the same events.
Understanding what is happening in China, or America, is difficult for even the best informed people on both sides of the globe. If you are trying to get real insight into the Boxer Rebellion, Mao Zedong, Tibet or a host of other issues relating to China, one short book is surely not enough. But whether you are new to things Chinese or are an old China-hand, something said in China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know will make you think twice, and the references included should carry you quite a way. If you feel a bit lost for not getting a definitive answer to some questions, then you might be one step closer to learning the truth.
(A more complete review can be found on my website [...])China in the 21st Century: What Everyone Needs to Know Overview

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The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers Review

The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers
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The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers ReviewThrough a series of anecdotes and interviews, largely drawn from his eight years in China as correspondent for 'The Financial Times', Richard McGregor illustrates 'the Party', a remarkable social organization which subordinates 1.3 billion people.
It is a journalist's treatment rather than academic, so instead of explicitly offering analysis, Richard McGregor lets his interviews and stories largely speak for themselves. This provides a range of interesting characters, quotes and anecdotes. However, a side-effect is that many remarkable insights are either buried innocuously in the text or left to the reader's inference. The story is no less fascinating for it.
The picture that emerges is of a creative, adaptable, self-aware and resilient social network. Made up of 75 million party members, one in twelve adult Chinese, this self-perpetuating elite has no legal form beyond a mention in the preamble to China's constitution. The party exists outside the regular state apparatus and operates like a controller chip grafted into China's governing structures through party cells throughout government, the military, public companies and even private firms.
Grounded in its near ubiquitous presence in the state, military, public and private spheres, the Party maintains its grip via a number of interconnected and synergistic processes. Its personnel system allows any individual to be replaced, transferred or expelled at the will of the organism. Party control of the military provides ultimate coercive sanction. The Party's discipline system places members above the law even as it strengthens Party control of the behaviour of its members. The propaganda department uses sophisticated story telling to sculpt the narrative around events to conform to the Party's best interests.
Few join the party for ideological reasons. Rather, achieving party status is to gain membership into an elite club which, provided you stay within its unwritten bounds and contribute to the goals of the organism, gives a member a form of immunity from the law and other powers and abilities not available to the average citizen. In the corruption that is endemic in the system, everyone is guilty of something serious - from taking bribes, to tax evasion to sexual impropriety to failing to get proper permits. Members that stray out of bounds need not be punished for the real fault, but instead for one of the many more routine transgressions that hang over the heads of almost all party members. Were one not able to normally get away with routine transgressions, there would be little benefit to party membership. Yet simply knowing that straying too far will result in being punished for something entirely different is enough to self-censor unwanted behaviours, in particular the unwritten ones.
Self-reflexive and analytic, the party is alert to the internal and external dangers it faces and has proven able to respond to challenge with remarkable agility, creativity and effectiveness.
Though the book is very much about the Party at present, in 2010, glimpses of party history serve to illustrate the nature of the organism and its ability to adapt and reinvent itself.
For example, Richard McGregor declares a historic milestone the Party's peaceful and administrative transfer of power in 2002 to a new top grouping of apparatchiks. For the first time in over 2000 years of Chinese history, China was no longer ruled by a single individual seen as a sort of a god. Instead, the apex of China became a committee atop an organism which permeates into the whole society, with the next shifting of interchangable personalities at the top scheduled for 2012.
In 1992, only ten years prior to the 2002 milestone, again demonstrating forward looking pragmatic realism, the party transformed itself on entrepreneurs - the most extreme enemies of communism - not just by allowing them to join the party, but by actively recruiting them. Binding China's rapidly emerging entrepreneurial elites to the party provided benefits to both sides, allowing entrepreneurs more freedom from the stultifying strictures of state apparatus while reinforcing and renewing Party control on an element of Chinese society that may have come to threaten the Party's very existence.
Prior to that, the shock of Tiananmen square and the fall of the former Soviet Bloc caused a wave of realistic threat assessment and self-reflection within the Party. This lead to further creative and pragmatic changes, though not in the ways that analysts in the west might have guessed or hoped for.
Given the importance of the Party in China and the growing importance of China in the world, it behooves us to better understand it. Richard McGregor's fascinating and informative book is recommended reading for those interested in understanding not just the Party, but the modern China within which it operates.The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers Overview

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